Kaiane Ibarra

Eritrea’s political and economic context shapes how corporate social responsibility (CSR) operates on the ground. Though the private sector is smaller than in many countries, extractive operations, infrastructure contractors, local enterprises and diaspora investments have generated CSR activity focused on community health and capacity-building. This article synthesizes documented cases, program types, outcomes, challenges, and practical lessons for strengthening health and human capital in Eritrean communities.Context and rationale for CSR in EritreaEritrea continues to confront enduring public health challenges and capacity limitations common in low‑resource environments, including limited rural health infrastructure, insufficiently trained medical personnel, inadequate water and sanitation systems, and…

Brazil's land-use profile links global supply chains with one of the planet's largest remaining tropical forest stocks. Agricultural expansion, timber production and commodity exports have driven deforestation for decades, while increasing corporate and civil-society pressure has produced a wave of corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives that explicitly pair reforestation with responsible sourcing. These initiatives seek to reduce forest loss, restore degraded landscapes and align procurement practices with climate, biodiversity and social goals.Context and driversLand-use pressures: Commodity production for beef, soy, pulp and paper, and sugar broadly drives clearing in Amazon and other Brazilian biomes. Periodic surges in measured forest loss…